The Contributions of Muslim Faith-Based Organizations to Development: The Case of Muhammadiyah in Indonesia
By
Wagma Isaqzoy
A Thesis Submitted to
Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Masters of Arts in International Development Studies
August 2013, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Abstract
The objective of this research is to contribute to the limited literature that deals with development from a religious standpoint. This includes a critique of a Eurocentric definition of development and the potential of religion within culturally diverse societies where religion and development are thought to be the two sides of the same coin.
In search for answers to the question of whether and how Muslim Faith-Based Organizations contribute to development, this thesis examines the role of Islam within the discourse of development using the case of Indonesia. The thesis demonstrates how Islam in Indonesia is proving to play an active role in the development of its society and contributing to the enhancement of women’s social condition. This is mainly due to the dynamic of Faith Based Organizations within the Indonesian society; the use of the Islam as a guiding principle; and women’s participation in the interpretation of religious texts.
Table of Contents:
Dedication--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
Acknowledgement ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv
List of Tables-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
List of Appendices----------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
Chapter 1: Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------4
Posing the Problem-------------------------------------------------------------------------4
Objective-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Research Question--------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Rationale and Justification----------------------------------------------------------------7
Why Islam? -------------------------------------------------------------------------8
Selecting a Case--------------------------------------------------------------------9
Conceptual and Theoretical Framework------------------------------------------------10
Development----------------------------------------------------------------------10
Religion----------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Theoretical Framework----------------------------------------------------------14
Research Methodology--------------------------------------------------------------------15
Thesis Statement------------------------------------------------------------------20
Structure of the Thesis Argument-------------------------------------------------------20
Chapter 2: Religion and Development: A Literature Review----------------------------23
Development Thought and Practice----------------------------------------------------23
Development from the 1940s to 1970s----------------------------------------25
Development from the 1980s Onwards----------------------------------------27
Alternative forms of Development (AD)--------------------------------------29
Religion-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
Religion as a Tool for Change--------------------------------------------------43
Historical Avoidance of Religion within Development---------------------51
Revival of Religion in Development-------------------------------------------56
Faith-Based Organizations, Religion and Development Discourse-------58
Islam----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60
Misconceptions Surrounding Islam--------------------------------------------62
Development as an Islamic Term?---------------------------------------------69
Development in Islam------------------------------------------------------------76
Zakat and Sadaqa--------------------------------------------------------79
Ilm--------------------------------------------------------------------------82
Chapter 3: The Indonesian Context-----------------------------------------------------------87
The State and Civil Society---------------------------------------------------------------88
Under Sukarno--------------------------------------------------------------------89
Under Soeharto--------------------------------------------------------------------90
Post-Sukarno and Soeharto------------------------------------------------------91
Potential of Civil society---------------------------------------------------------93
Islam in Indonesia-------------------------------------------------------------------------97
Brief History-----------------------------------------------------------------------97
Islam as a Guide-----------------------------------------------------------------100
Muhammadiyah--------------------------------------------------------------------------103
Brief History---------------------------------------------------------------------103
Goal and Mission----------------------------------------------------------------105
Work within Indonesian Society----------------------------------------------106
Women within Muhammadiyah-----------------------------------------------110
Chapter 4: Data Analysis-----------------------------------------------------------------------113
Field Research----------------------------------------------------------------------------113
Direct Observation--------------------------------------------------------------115
Interview Analysis--------------------------------------------------------------124
Chapter 5: Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------143
Bibliography--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------150
Download file: click this link
By
Wagma Isaqzoy
A Thesis Submitted to
Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Masters of Arts in International Development Studies
August 2013, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Abstract
The objective of this research is to contribute to the limited literature that deals with development from a religious standpoint. This includes a critique of a Eurocentric definition of development and the potential of religion within culturally diverse societies where religion and development are thought to be the two sides of the same coin.
In search for answers to the question of whether and how Muslim Faith-Based Organizations contribute to development, this thesis examines the role of Islam within the discourse of development using the case of Indonesia. The thesis demonstrates how Islam in Indonesia is proving to play an active role in the development of its society and contributing to the enhancement of women’s social condition. This is mainly due to the dynamic of Faith Based Organizations within the Indonesian society; the use of the Islam as a guiding principle; and women’s participation in the interpretation of religious texts.
Table of Contents:
Dedication--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
Acknowledgement ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv
List of Tables-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
List of Appendices----------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
Chapter 1: Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------4
Posing the Problem-------------------------------------------------------------------------4
Objective-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Research Question--------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Rationale and Justification----------------------------------------------------------------7
Why Islam? -------------------------------------------------------------------------8
Selecting a Case--------------------------------------------------------------------9
Conceptual and Theoretical Framework------------------------------------------------10
Development----------------------------------------------------------------------10
Religion----------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Theoretical Framework----------------------------------------------------------14
Research Methodology--------------------------------------------------------------------15
Thesis Statement------------------------------------------------------------------20
Structure of the Thesis Argument-------------------------------------------------------20
Chapter 2: Religion and Development: A Literature Review----------------------------23
Development Thought and Practice----------------------------------------------------23
Development from the 1940s to 1970s----------------------------------------25
Development from the 1980s Onwards----------------------------------------27
Alternative forms of Development (AD)--------------------------------------29
Religion-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
Religion as a Tool for Change--------------------------------------------------43
Historical Avoidance of Religion within Development---------------------51
Revival of Religion in Development-------------------------------------------56
Faith-Based Organizations, Religion and Development Discourse-------58
Islam----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60
Misconceptions Surrounding Islam--------------------------------------------62
Development as an Islamic Term?---------------------------------------------69
Development in Islam------------------------------------------------------------76
Zakat and Sadaqa--------------------------------------------------------79
Ilm--------------------------------------------------------------------------82
Chapter 3: The Indonesian Context-----------------------------------------------------------87
The State and Civil Society---------------------------------------------------------------88
Under Sukarno--------------------------------------------------------------------89
Under Soeharto--------------------------------------------------------------------90
Post-Sukarno and Soeharto------------------------------------------------------91
Potential of Civil society---------------------------------------------------------93
Islam in Indonesia-------------------------------------------------------------------------97
Brief History-----------------------------------------------------------------------97
Islam as a Guide-----------------------------------------------------------------100
Muhammadiyah--------------------------------------------------------------------------103
Brief History---------------------------------------------------------------------103
Goal and Mission----------------------------------------------------------------105
Work within Indonesian Society----------------------------------------------106
Women within Muhammadiyah-----------------------------------------------110
Chapter 4: Data Analysis-----------------------------------------------------------------------113
Field Research----------------------------------------------------------------------------113
Direct Observation--------------------------------------------------------------115
Interview Analysis--------------------------------------------------------------124
Chapter 5: Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------143
Bibliography--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------150
Download file: click this link
orcid.org/0000-0002-0333-8344
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