Minority groups and Islamic humanitarianism

• Hilman Latief The Jakarta Post
  

Yogyakarta   /   Fri, July 5, 2013   /  10:48 am

Indonesian Muslims have been witnessing two contrasting phenomena about humanitarian issues that Islam ironically promotes and upholds.

First, we have seen the proliferation of humanitarian NGOs working on relief and humanitarian actions in disaster affected areas. A number of faith-based NGOs were founded by various Muslim groups and have worked to provide assistance for man-made and natural disaster victims. The proponents of Muslim NGOs attempt to interpret and materialize the fundamental social and humanitarian issues that Muslims should accomplish, such as providing assistance to those in need, lending a hand to refugees and empowering the disadvantaged groups of society.

Second, we have also unfortunately witnessed an incident reflecting a different story when minority Shiite Muslims from Sampang in Madura were driven out from their own village several months ago. Then, as displaced people, they were forced to be evacuated for a second time from their refugee camp because of pressure from hard-liners. The already displaced Shia group was forced to leave Madura by
fellow Muslims.

One may wonder: What is going on with Indonesia'€™s Muslims? Or, to borrow Martin van Bruinessen'€™s expression, where is the smiling Indonesian Islam? Does Islam teach how to protect people in need, refugees and (man-made) disaster victims? More importantly, how is Islam talking about humanitarian issues and how humanitarian principles are conceived by Muslims?

Of course I do not intend to answer those questions instantly and thoroughly. But I think it is necessary for Indonesian Muslims to rethink and reinterpret their humanitarian views, principles and actions in Indonesia'€™s plural society.

More than 1 billion Muslims with distinctive cultures and traditions are found in many parts of the world. Yet until now, in the age of nation states, only a few attempts have been made to formulate Islamic humanitarian principles, which some observers have referred to as '€œIslamic humanitarian law'€, which can become a common ground for Muslims around the globe to take humanitarian action.

What seems to be intriguing though, in relation to the notion of humanitarianism in contemporary Muslim societies, is the fact that the intricate and ambiguous relationship between the Muslim world and the West remains prevalent. This exacerbates the bid to build a mutual understanding between the two great civilizations. One of the most noticeable examples is the way in which the Muslim world and the West perceive each other and put themselves in opposing positions.

As a matter of fact, Islamic doctrines of jihad and war still stimulate heated debates in the West. In relation to this, Western '€œliberal'€ views and '€œsecular'€ ideas, including the context of conceiving humanitarian issues, are not entirely accepted by Muslim societies. Western domination in global politics may also weaken the relationship and at the same time may justify '€œclashes'€ between the two civilizations.

The complex relationship between Islam and the West is due to the delicate global geopolitical landscape, where the meaning of humanitarianism is contested. At present, humanitarian issues have been shaped not only by international communities who are active in relief projects, but also new actors (i.e. groups or organizations) whose social and religious backgrounds and political leanings vary. The social and political complexities in national and international arenas have also put the long-held concept of '€œhumanitarian law'€ in a situation where particular religious and political groups, especially in Muslim countries, may attempt to contest, both discursively and practically, certain claims made in prevailing laws.

Nearly all countries and humanitarian activists agree to ideas of protecting human dignity and humanitarian activists are often urged to reframe and reinterpret their understanding of humanitarian principles, ethics of war and justice. Senior advisor to the International Committee for the Red Cross Ameur Zemmali, who has studied Muslim perceptions of International Humanitarian Law (ILW), suggests that a number of distinguished Islamic scholars in countries like Pakistan, Yemen, Morocco, Jordan and Iran apparently become aware of the necessity to incorporate the spirit of Islamic law into a broader context of humanitarianism.

According to Zemmali '€œthe commonalities between IHL and Islamic law'€ and '€œthe protection of civilians'€, prohibition of humiliation and promotion of humanitarian values have become major concerns for Islamic scholars.

Unfortunately, although Indonesia has frequently witnessed communal conflicts, none of the Indonesia'€™s Muslim clerics have been able to seriously formulate Islamic humanitarian law and sharia in order to prevent the severe impact of conflicts as well as to protect refugees, non-combatants properly. While some Muslim scholars try to reinterpret and reformulate the essence of sharia to suit the current social, economic and political needs, conservative views and rigid interpretations of sharia seems to have dominated the mind-set of some Indonesian Muslims. The issuance of Islam-based ordinances on certain aspects of social life in society seems to have not touched on major issues such as human rights, protection of minority groups and international humanitarian law.

We are indeed amazed by the increasing roles of Islamic humanitarian organizations in Indonesia, which have shown their progressive understanding of humanitarian issues. At least, practically, Islamic humanitarian NGOs have coped with a wide array of social projects. Yet, we also do believe that reinterpretation and contextualization of the meaning of humanitarian principles in Indonesia'€™s many plural societies is imperative.

The concept of '€œimpartiality'€, which has often been reinforced by Islamic humanitarian NGOs, can be contested and even questioned if their humanitarian action and vision are not adequately equipped with the willingness and ability to protect disadvantaged groups like minorities who are, in fact, less protected by Indonesian laws.

Above all, it remains necessary to formulate basic concepts of humanitarian law and principles in Muslim societies. A new reading and reexamination of Islamic concepts that relate to the promotion of public welfare is also needed in order to meet the current social, economic and political challenges in Indonesia, as a culturally and religiously diverse country.

I believe that, in the absence of efforts to strengthen a more inclusive and universal concept of humanitarianism, Muslim humanitarian actors will be heavily characterized by sectarian views that limit their ability to promote the universality of Islam and will gradually lose their role in the nation'€™s quest to overcome the very complex and multi-dimensional problems of communal and
sectarian conflicts.

The writer, a lecturer at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, is director of the Institute for Development and Social Movement Studies.

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