Dār al-‘Ahd wa al-Shahādah: Muhammadiyah’s Contemporary Ijtihād of Siyar and Pancasila

Bachtiar, Hasnan. 2018. Dār al-‘Ahd wa al-Shahādah: Muhammadiyah’s Contemporary Ijtihād of Siyar and Pancasila. MA Thesis, College of Arts and Social Sciences, The Australian National University.

Abstract

This thesis examines the concept of Siyar that has been developed by Muhammadiyah, especially in the context of nation-state, globalisation, and the post-9/11 and post- reformation era of Indonesia. In 2015, Muhammadiyah proclaimed the notion of Negara Pancasila sebagai Dār al-‘Ahd wa al-Shahādah, which means the state of Pancasila as the state of consensus and witness, as a representation of the Siyar. This thesis fills three gaps of study: first, Siyar, which has been developed in the Arab- Islamic traditions, has not been studied in the context of Southeast Asia, and especially Indonesia, a non-Arab country with the largest Muslim population; second, academic works on the specific topic of Muhammadiyah produced in Western universities have not discussed the Muhammadiyah’s view of Siyar; and third, the studies that have focused on Siyar have not yet dealt with discourse on contemporary Indonesian politics and especially Muhammadiyah’s place in it.

This thesis combines library research, and social and historical contextualisation. This combination relies on primary sources consisting of official documents of Muhammadiyah, academic and intellectual works of its elites and research publications, and secondary sources that consist of scholarly works on the specific issue of the Muhammadiyah conceptualisation under study. This analysis is supported by interviews with key persons in Muhammadiyah elites who have contributed to the development of the notion of Negara Pancasila sebagai Dār al-‘Ahd wa al-Shahādah.

The thesis finds that Muhammadiyah conceptualises the notion of Negara Pancasila sebagai Dār al-‘Ahd wa al-Shahādah as an intellectual reconciliation between the state ideology of Pancasila and the doctrine of Siyar. This notion is based on its fundamental basis of thought called Islam Berkemajuan (progressive Islam), whereby Islam should be viewed progressively as a problem-solving religion. This effort, in Muhammadiyah’s perspective, is ijtihād which primarily aims to solve the problem of the significant spread of conservative and radical Islamism. In its view, this problem can potentially lead to national disintegration since the Islamists have questioned the status of Indonesia as a state (because it is not dar al-Islam or an Islamic state) and its political system (it is not a Sharī‘ah system). In this context, Muhammadiyah argues that Indonesia is the state based on Pancasila (Negara Pancasila), and since Pancasila was conceptualised through the national consensus by its founding fathers, Indonesia should be understood as the state of consensus (dār al-‘ahd) – that is, neither the Islamic state nor the state of war. 

Through this argument, Muhammadiyah emphasises that it supports a moderate Islamic concept of democracy. Accordingly, it adds the concept of dār al-shahādah (the state of witness) which suggests that all Indonesians should become witnesses to the development of Indonesian civilisation. Its approach of ijtihād – ‘theologising democracy’ – proposes developing democracy as a paradigm built on a theological interpretation of Islam that emphasises the importance of values such as shūra (people’s sovereignty or consultation) and ‘adālah (justice), among others. It is, in this way, viewed as having potential for the future development of interreligious relationships and as a model for the ‘dynamisation’ of Islamic law. 

Ideopolitor: Peran Strategis Muhammadiyah dalam Dinamika Sosial-Politik Bangsa

Ideopolitor: Peran Strategis Muhammadiyah dalam Dinamika Sosial-Politik Bangsa

Kaum Muslim Modernis

Kaum Muslim Modernis

Muhammadiyah rejects National Santri Day

• The Jakarta Post The Jakarta Post
  

  /   Tue, October 20, 2015   /  04:40 pm

Haedar Nashir (center)(Kompas.com/Indra Akuntono) (center)(Kompas.com/Indra Akuntono)

Haedar Nashir (center). (Kompas.com/Indra Akuntono)
Indonesia's second largest Islamic organization, Muhammadiyah, has rejected the government's plan to declare Oct. 22 as National Santri (Islamic boarding school students') Day, arguing that such a declaration could spark controversy among Indonesia's Muslims.
The rejection was stipulated in a letter to President Joko '€œJokowi'€ Widodo dated Oct. 19 signed by Muhammadiyah chairman Haedar Nashir.
Religious Affairs Minister Lukman Hakim Saifuddin is scheduled to attend the event at Istiqlal Mosque. The reason for selecting Oct. 22 as the National Santri Day was based on a fatwa made by Nahdlatul Ulama founder Hasyim Asyari on Oct. 22, 1945, that defending the nation was an obligation for each Muslim. The fatwa was made when Indonesia struggled to defend its independence from the Dutch colonists.
Haedar said he could understand that President Jokowi wanted to fulfill his campaign promise and to recognize the role of Muslims during the independence struggle. '€œBut declaring a National Santri Day could spark sectarian groups in our society, weaken national integration and revive old religious sentiments,'€ Haedar said in his letter.
He said that Islamic communities, including Muhammadiyah, have tried to minimize and even eliminate sectarian groups that were counterproductive to the efforts to strengthen national unity.
'€œThe decision to select Oct. 22 [as a national holiday] could spark controversy because it would belittle the role of other Islamic communities, who did not take part in the event related to Oct. 22,'€ he added.
Religious Affairs Ministry'€™s education directorate general Komaruddin Amin said that his office had received a copy of Muhammadiyah'€™s letter.
He said the government would go ahead with the plan, saying that such a rejection was only due to a different point of view.
'€œPak Haedar Nasir may have a different socio-analysis from the President about the matter,'€ Komaruddin said. (bbn)(++++)

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/10/20/muhammadiyah-rejects-national-santri-day.html

Minority groups and Islamic humanitarianism

• Hilman Latief The Jakarta Post
  

Yogyakarta   /   Fri, July 5, 2013   /  10:48 am

Indonesian Muslims have been witnessing two contrasting phenomena about humanitarian issues that Islam ironically promotes and upholds.

First, we have seen the proliferation of humanitarian NGOs working on relief and humanitarian actions in disaster affected areas. A number of faith-based NGOs were founded by various Muslim groups and have worked to provide assistance for man-made and natural disaster victims. The proponents of Muslim NGOs attempt to interpret and materialize the fundamental social and humanitarian issues that Muslims should accomplish, such as providing assistance to those in need, lending a hand to refugees and empowering the disadvantaged groups of society.

Second, we have also unfortunately witnessed an incident reflecting a different story when minority Shiite Muslims from Sampang in Madura were driven out from their own village several months ago. Then, as displaced people, they were forced to be evacuated for a second time from their refugee camp because of pressure from hard-liners. The already displaced Shia group was forced to leave Madura by
fellow Muslims.

One may wonder: What is going on with Indonesia'€™s Muslims? Or, to borrow Martin van Bruinessen'€™s expression, where is the smiling Indonesian Islam? Does Islam teach how to protect people in need, refugees and (man-made) disaster victims? More importantly, how is Islam talking about humanitarian issues and how humanitarian principles are conceived by Muslims?

Of course I do not intend to answer those questions instantly and thoroughly. But I think it is necessary for Indonesian Muslims to rethink and reinterpret their humanitarian views, principles and actions in Indonesia'€™s plural society.

More than 1 billion Muslims with distinctive cultures and traditions are found in many parts of the world. Yet until now, in the age of nation states, only a few attempts have been made to formulate Islamic humanitarian principles, which some observers have referred to as '€œIslamic humanitarian law'€, which can become a common ground for Muslims around the globe to take humanitarian action.

What seems to be intriguing though, in relation to the notion of humanitarianism in contemporary Muslim societies, is the fact that the intricate and ambiguous relationship between the Muslim world and the West remains prevalent. This exacerbates the bid to build a mutual understanding between the two great civilizations. One of the most noticeable examples is the way in which the Muslim world and the West perceive each other and put themselves in opposing positions.

As a matter of fact, Islamic doctrines of jihad and war still stimulate heated debates in the West. In relation to this, Western '€œliberal'€ views and '€œsecular'€ ideas, including the context of conceiving humanitarian issues, are not entirely accepted by Muslim societies. Western domination in global politics may also weaken the relationship and at the same time may justify '€œclashes'€ between the two civilizations.

The complex relationship between Islam and the West is due to the delicate global geopolitical landscape, where the meaning of humanitarianism is contested. At present, humanitarian issues have been shaped not only by international communities who are active in relief projects, but also new actors (i.e. groups or organizations) whose social and religious backgrounds and political leanings vary. The social and political complexities in national and international arenas have also put the long-held concept of '€œhumanitarian law'€ in a situation where particular religious and political groups, especially in Muslim countries, may attempt to contest, both discursively and practically, certain claims made in prevailing laws.

Nearly all countries and humanitarian activists agree to ideas of protecting human dignity and humanitarian activists are often urged to reframe and reinterpret their understanding of humanitarian principles, ethics of war and justice. Senior advisor to the International Committee for the Red Cross Ameur Zemmali, who has studied Muslim perceptions of International Humanitarian Law (ILW), suggests that a number of distinguished Islamic scholars in countries like Pakistan, Yemen, Morocco, Jordan and Iran apparently become aware of the necessity to incorporate the spirit of Islamic law into a broader context of humanitarianism.

According to Zemmali '€œthe commonalities between IHL and Islamic law'€ and '€œthe protection of civilians'€, prohibition of humiliation and promotion of humanitarian values have become major concerns for Islamic scholars.

Unfortunately, although Indonesia has frequently witnessed communal conflicts, none of the Indonesia'€™s Muslim clerics have been able to seriously formulate Islamic humanitarian law and sharia in order to prevent the severe impact of conflicts as well as to protect refugees, non-combatants properly. While some Muslim scholars try to reinterpret and reformulate the essence of sharia to suit the current social, economic and political needs, conservative views and rigid interpretations of sharia seems to have dominated the mind-set of some Indonesian Muslims. The issuance of Islam-based ordinances on certain aspects of social life in society seems to have not touched on major issues such as human rights, protection of minority groups and international humanitarian law.

We are indeed amazed by the increasing roles of Islamic humanitarian organizations in Indonesia, which have shown their progressive understanding of humanitarian issues. At least, practically, Islamic humanitarian NGOs have coped with a wide array of social projects. Yet, we also do believe that reinterpretation and contextualization of the meaning of humanitarian principles in Indonesia'€™s many plural societies is imperative.

The concept of '€œimpartiality'€, which has often been reinforced by Islamic humanitarian NGOs, can be contested and even questioned if their humanitarian action and vision are not adequately equipped with the willingness and ability to protect disadvantaged groups like minorities who are, in fact, less protected by Indonesian laws.

Above all, it remains necessary to formulate basic concepts of humanitarian law and principles in Muslim societies. A new reading and reexamination of Islamic concepts that relate to the promotion of public welfare is also needed in order to meet the current social, economic and political challenges in Indonesia, as a culturally and religiously diverse country.

I believe that, in the absence of efforts to strengthen a more inclusive and universal concept of humanitarianism, Muslim humanitarian actors will be heavily characterized by sectarian views that limit their ability to promote the universality of Islam and will gradually lose their role in the nation'€™s quest to overcome the very complex and multi-dimensional problems of communal and
sectarian conflicts.

The writer, a lecturer at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, is director of the Institute for Development and Social Movement Studies.

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/07/05/minority-groups-and-islamic-humanitarianism.html

Mitsuo Nakamura

Mitsuo Nakamura

Pluralism, Liberalism and Islamism: Religious Outlook of Muhammadiyah

Studia Islamika 2018 (forthcoming)

Ahmad Najib Burhani

ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute; LIPI – Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta

Abstract

Muhammadiyah has been perceived as an example of a success blend of Islam and modernity. By adopting modern ethics of discipline, equality, and hardworking, this organization has become a rich and independent movement. Quantitatively, the number of Muhammadiyah’s educational and health institutions is only surpassed by the ones owned by Indonesian government. It has 177 colleges and universities; thousands of higher, middle, and elementary schools; and hundreds of hospitals and other health institutions. Social, educational, and economic success of certain organization, however, does not necessarily indicate that it also embraces pluralistic value and religious tolerance. This paper, therefore, intends to describe Muhammadiyah’s position in the context of pluralism, liberalism, and Islamism. This paper argues that Muhammadiyah is progressive in the context of social services, but exclusive in the context of theology. It is its concern on social services that has been able to neutralize Muhammadiyah from Islamist inclination and fundamentalist tendency.

Keywords: Puritanism, liberalism, Islamism, Muhammadiyah, pragmatism, religious exclusivism.

Abstrak

Muhammadiyah kerap dipandang sebagai contoh sukses dari perpaduan antara Islam dan kemodernan. Dengan mengadopsi semangat disiplin, kesejajaran, dan kerja keras, Muhammadiyah telah menjadi organisasi yang kaya dan mandiri. Secara kuantitatif, institusi pendidikan dan kesehatan yang dimiliki oleh Muhammadiyah hanya diungguli jumlahnya oleh institusi yang dimiliki oleh pemerintah Indonesia. Muhammadiyah memiliki 177 perguruan tinggi; ribuan sekolah tingkat atas, tingkat menengah, dan tingkat dasar; serta ratusan rumah sakit dan balai kesehatan. Namun demikian, kesuksesan dalam bidang pendidikan, kesehatan dan ekonomi tentu saja tak mengindikasikan bahwa bahwa organisasi itu juga memegang nilai pluralisme dan toleransi keagamaan. Karena itu, artikel ini ingin mendeskripsikan posisi Muhammadiyah dalam kaitannya dengan pluralisme, liberalisme, dan Islamisme. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa Muhammadiyah merupakan organisasi yang progresif dalam kaitannya dengan pelayanan sosial, namun eksklusif dalam hal teologi. Kesibukan Muhammadiyah dalam memberikan pelayanan sosial menjadi faktor yang berhasil menetralisir organisasi ini dari keterjebakan dalam Islamisme dan fundamentalisme.

Kata Kunci: Puritanisme, liberalism, Islamisme, Muhammadiyah, pragmatisme, keberagamaan, eksklusivisme.

 

Muhammadiyah & Islamic Development in Indonesia

“Muhammadiyah & Islamic Development in Indonesia”, Jaringan Nusantara Regional Conference on “Islam & Development: Towards Democracy & Social Justice”, organised by IRF; NUS; IKMAS-UKM; & CRCS UGM, 23-25 March 2018, Palm Garden Resort, Putrajaya, Malaysia.

Muhammadiyah has been perceived as an example of a success blend of Islam and modernity in Indonesia. By adopting modern ethics of discipline, equality, and hardworking, this organization has become a rich and independent Islamic movement. Quantitatively, the number of Muhammadiyah’s educational and health institutions is only surpassed by the ones owned by Indonesian government. It has 177 colleges and university; thousands of higher, middle, and elementary schools; and hundreds of hospitals and other health institutions. Social, educational, and economic success of certain organization, however, does not necessarily indicate that it also embraces democratic value and religious tolerance. In the recent political dynamics, for instance, some members of Muhammadiyah have inclined to support Islamist groups or defended Islamist activists. This can be seen from their participation in the Aksi Bela Islam (Defending Islam Action), their defense of and protection for Ustadz Bachtiar Nasir, and their opposition to the ruling of the Constitutional Court on Penghayat Kepercayaan (Believers of Faith).

This paper, therefore, intends to explain Muhammadiyah’s position in the context of development, democracy, and religious tolerance in Indonesia. This paper, firstly, overviews the historically undisputed concern of Muhammadiyah on social services and then, secondly, it moves to discern its cultural transformation since the Congress in Aceh 1995, and based on that, thirdly, it analyses its responses on religious issues that occurred in 2017: The banning of the Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), the recurrent controversy on PKI (Indonesian Communist Party), and the ruling of the Constitutional Court on Penghayat Kepercayaan.

This paper argues that Muhammadiyah’s social position has been consistently guided by its long-held theology of Al-Ma’un (kindness) which has inspired its tremendous social and economic achievements. Muhammadiyah’s stand on religious issues, however, was often steered by Islamist imagery of the domination of Islam in Indonesia which has certain impacts on it position on democracy and tolerance towards religious minorities. It is the hegemony of the theology of Al-Ma’un that has been able to neutralize Muhammadiyah from Islamist inclination and fundamentalist tendency. It brings the members of Muhammadiyah to be more realistic in seeing the world and distancing themselves from utopic vision of caliphate or the dream of sharia as the Messiah that will solve every problem or the temptation to create an Islamic state.

Link: https://www.facebook.com/libertv.my/videos/1890325501042575/ or https://youtu.be/UPh_nPDW8lo

Seminar Pemikiran Reformis – Siri XI: Kiyai Haji Ahmad Dahlan

Kiyai Haji Ahmad Dahlan adalah seorang ulama pembaharu dan pemikir penting yang telah mencetuskan revolusi perjuangan yang besar dalam rangka pembaharuan di Indonesia.  Dahlan dilahirkan dalam keluarga yang terkenal dengan latar agama dan sosial, dan mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat di daerah Kauman, dalam gerak perjuangan dan dakwahnya. Berbeza dengan kebiasaan dan cara pemikiran masyarakat dalam lingkungannya, Dahlan menzahirkan pandangan hidup yang luas dan ufuk pemikiran yang jauh. Kesempatan mempelajari ilmu qira’at, tafsir, hadis, tauhid, fiqh, tasawwuf, dan falak di Makkah, dan kecenderungan menelaah karya-karya Shaykh Muhammad Abduh dan Muhammad Rashid Rida telah memberikan pengaruh yang besar dalam mencorakkan fikrah pembaharuan dalam jiwanya. Sebaik pulang ke Tanah Jawa, Muhammad Darwish menukar namanya kepada Haji Ahmad Dahlan. 

Dahlan dikenal sebagai faqih dan ulama besar yang mempunyai kefahaman dan ijtihad fiqh yang tersendiri. Beliau merupakan sang pencerah yang berhasil mengetengahkan idealisme dakwah dan pembaharuan yang digagaskan oleh Imam Muhammad Abduh ke Tanah Jawa. Usahanya menerapkan mazhab pemikiran Abduh dan revolusi pemikiran yang dibawanya telah menghasilkan pencerahan yang bermakna di daerahnya. Perjuangan Kiyai Dahlan bertolak dari cita-cita besar untuk menggerakkan revolusi, mencetuskan perubahan dan reformasi, dan membawa modernisasi Islam ke Indonesia. Hal ini diperlihatkan dalam perjuangannya bersama organisasi Islam seperti Budi Utomo dan Serikat Islam bagi menghapuskan bid‘ah, membanteras kepercayaan khurafat dan syirik, membungkam faham mistik dan tahyul dari warisan Hindhu-Buddha, menumpaskan feudalisme, dan mengusir kaum penjajah.

Dalam memimpin perubahan, dan merealisasikan idea-idea pembaharuannya, beliau tampil ke garis depan, memberi arahan dan “mempelopori perjuangan yang dahsyat itu” dengan meniupkan api perjuangan dan nahdah dan membangkitkan kesedaran ijtihad, dan menggerakkan aktivisme dan kegiatan rakyat dalam program keagamaan dan pendidikan, yang berhasil melenyapkan autoriti aparat agama dan membenamkan taqlid yang telah menyebabkan kemunduran pemikiran. Beliau membangun organisasi dakwah yang besar dengan mendirikan Muhammadiyah sebagai platform perjuangannya yang sah untuk membawa perubahan dan idealisme pemikiran yang segar di zamannya yang masih berkekalan hingga ke hari ini.

Link:
http://irfront.net/post/events/seminar-pemikiran-reformis-siri-xi-kiyai-haji-ahmad-dahlan/