Faith, Moral Authority, and Politics: The Making of Progressive Islam in Indonesia

Arifianto, Alexander R. 2012. Faith, Moral Authority, and Politics: The Making of Progressive Islam in Indonesia. Thesis (PhD) - Arizona State University.

ABSTRACT
Several Islamic organizations have experience major changes in their theological frames and political identities away from fundamentalist and revivalist theological orientation to one that embraces a progressive Islamic theology that synthesizes these norms with classical Islamic teachings. What are the factors that explain these theological changes? What are the causal mechanisms that help to promote them? Using the moral authority leadership theory, I argue that Islamic groups would be able to change their theological frames and political identities if the changes are promoted by religious leaders with 'moral authority' status, who are using both ideational and instrumental strategies to reconstruct the theological frames of their organizations. In addition to moral authority leadership, intermediary variables that also affect the likelihood of a theological change within Islamic groups are the institutional culture of the organization – the degree of tolerance for non-Islamic theological teachings - and the relationship between the Islamic group and the state.

This study is a comparative historical analysis of two Indonesian Islamic groups: the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and the Muhammadiyah. It finds that the NU was able to successfully change its theological positions due to the presence of a charismatic moral authority leader, the tolerant institutional culture within the organization, and the ability of the organization to ally with the Suharto regime, allowing the reform to be institutionalized with little intervention from the regime. On the other hand, theological reform within the Muhammadiyah was not successful due to the lack of a leader with moral authority status who could have led the reforms within the organization, as well as to the dominance of a revivalist institutional culture that does not tolerate any challenges to their interpretation of Islamic theology. The analysis makes theoretical contributions on the role of religious leadership within Islamic movements and the likelihood of Islamic groups to adopt liberal political norms such as democracy, religion-state separation, and tolerance toward religious minorities. It identifies the mechanisms in which theological change within Islamic group become possible.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................... x
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1

2 LITERATURE REVIEW, THEORY, AND METHODOLOGY ........ 22
Review of Competing Explanations ................................ 23
Political Culture (Culturalist) Approach. .............. 23
Rational Choice (Rationalist) Approach. .............. 27
Social Constructivist Theory. ............................... 35
Weberian Charismatic Leadership Theory. .......... 42
Theoretical Framework and Hypotheses .......................... 47
Conceptualizing Political Islam. .......................... 51
Theorizing Moral Authority. ................................ 55
Intervening Variables. ......................................... 61
The Institutional Culture of the Organization. ................................ 63
Relations between the State and the Religious Organization. .... 66
Dependent Variable. ................................ 70
Causal Mechanisms for Successful and Unsuccessful Theological Change. ... 74
Research Methodology.................................................... 77
Case Selection and Justifications. ........................ 78
Data Sources. ...................................................... 81

3 THE SUCCESSFUL REFORM PATHWAY: THE CASE OF THE NAHDLATUL ULAMA .... 86
Historical Background of the Theological Reforms Within the NU ................ 90
Analysis of Theological Change within the NU ............. 110
Abdurrahman Wahid’s Moral Authority Leadership. ............................ 110
Tolerant Institutional Culture within the NU. ..... 126
NU’s Relations with the Indonesian State. ......... 130
Alternative Explanations on Theological Reforms within the NU................... 136
Culturalist Explanation of the NU Reform. ........ 138
Rationalist explanation of NU’s theological reform. ..................................... 141
Conclusion .................................................................... 147

4 THE UNSUCCESSFUL REFORM PATHWAY: THE CASE OF THE MUHAMMADIYAH .. 154
Historical Overview of Theological Reform within the Muhammadiyah ........ 158
Analysis of the Theological Reform within the Muhammadiyah .................... 176
Religious Leadership of Nurcolish Madjid and Syafii Ma’arif. ..................... 176
The Impacts of Puritanist/Revivalist Institutional Culture. ............................. 181
Relations between the Muhammadiyah and the Indonesian State ................. 196
Alternative Explanations on the Theological Reform within the Muhammadiyah ...... 202
Culturalist Explanation. ..................................... 194
Rationalist Explanation. ..................................... 198
Conclusion .................................................................... 203

5 CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 210
Review of Empirical Findings ....................................... 210
Theoretical Contributions .............................................. 228
Future Research ............................................................ 231
REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 233

The Muslim businessmen of Jatinom : religious reform and economic modernization in a Central Javanese town

Abdullah, Irwan. 1994. The Muslim businessmen of Jatinom : religious reform and economic modernization in a Central Javanese town. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam.

Ringkasan (pp. 193-7)

Pengusaha Muslim Jatinom: Reformasi Agama dan Modernisasi Ekonomi di sebuah Kota di Jawa Tengah

Studi ini menganalisis faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan keberhasilan kelompok Muslim dalam kegiatan perdagangan di Jatinom, sebuah kota kecil di kabupaten Klaten. Fokus penelitian diarahkan pada hubungan agama dan perdagangan di dalam konteks perubahan sosial-ekonomi dan sosial-politik.

Masalah semangat dagang kaum Muslim telah menjadi topik diskusi yang sangat sejak masa kolonial. DI satu pihak ada kecenderungan untuk menjelaskan bahwa “kegagalan” pribumi di dalam bidang ekonomi disebabkan oleh sifat-sifat organisasi ekonomi yang tidak rasional, yang oleh Geertz disebut lebih bersifat sosial daripada bersifat bisnis. Di lain ihak, kegagalan pribumi lebih disebabkan oleh pengaruh struktural yang sedikit sekali memberi peluang kepada pedagang pribumi, baik sejak masa kolonial hingga sekarang ini.

Selain harus berhadapan dengan berbagai kebijaksanaan pemerintah yang melemahkan posisi mereka, pedagang pribumi harus pula bersaing dengan pedagang Cina yang memiliki kekuatan modal dan posisi yang lebih baik di dalam suatu struktur politik dan ekonomi. Pada peralihan kekuasaan dari tangan Belanda ke tangan pemerintah Indonesia pada tahun 1949, pribumi bukan merupakan kelompok yang tangguh sehingga mereka tidak bisa mengambil alih kekuasaan atas sumber-sumber ekonomi dari tangan pedagang Cina. Meskipun pedagang pribumi dapat bertahan, skala usaha mereka terbatas dan tidak mampu bersaing dengan kekuatan modal pedagang Cina. Hanya di beberapa daerah –seperti yang terjadi di Jatinom—pribumi dapat menggantikan posisi ekonomi Cina pada saat mereka diharuskan untuk meninggalkan desa-desa dan kota-kota kecamatan. Perkembangan semacam ini merupakan fenomena menarik untuk dijelaskan: mengapa pedagang-pedagang Muslim di Jatinom dapat menggantikan posisi pedagang Cina dan dapat menjadi pedagang yang berhasil hingga saat ini?

Pertanyaan itu akan saya jawab dengan cara menelusuri tiga faktor yang saling kait. Pertama, dengan cara melihat peranan agama di dalam mendorong kegiatan perdagangan, baik yang tampak pada perilaku ekonomi pedagang Muslim maupun pada tanggapan komunitas terhadap kegiatan ekonomi. Dengan cara ini dimungkinkan untuk melihat ciri-ciri dan sifat-sifat kewiraswastaan dan sekaligus untuk melihat dasar sosial budaya di mana kegiatan ekonomi itu berlangsung. Kedua, perdagangan merupakan bagian dari sistem ekonomi yang lebih luas. Oleh karena itu, bagaimana peluang-peluang ekonomi memungkinkan kegiatan perdagangan berlangsung dan membuka kesempatan-kesempatan bagi pedagang, merupakan faktor penting. Cara ini mengharuskan studi ini untuk memperhatikan perkembangan ekonomi di berbagai sektor di Jatinom dan bagaimana perkembangan antar sektor itu saling kait satu sama lain. Ketiga, perubahan sosial-keagamaan dan sosial-ekonomi tidak dapat dipisahkan dari konteks politik lokal. Oleh karenanya, struktur politik pada saat perkembangan ekonomi berlangsung dan perubahan-perubahannya sangat menentukan tumbuh dan berkembangnya kegiatan dagang. Melalui tiga faktor tersebut diharapkan dapat dirumuskan kesimpulan tentang keberhasilan pedagang Muslim di Jatinom.

Untuk sampai ke situ, saya telah melakukan penelitian antropologis –yang berlangsung sejak Maret 1990 samapi dengan Pebruari 1991—dengan cara hidup di lingkungan sosial budaya kaum pedagang Muslim tersebut. Saya mengamati kegiatan-kegiatan mereka dan mewawancarai mereka untuk mengetahui gagasan-gagasan di balik perilaku yang mereka wujudkan sehari-hari. Selain itu, proses sosial budaya yang berlangsung sehari-hari yang berkaitan, langsung maupun tidak langsung, dengan kehidupan ekonomi merupakan dasar penting  di dalam menganalisis dan menjelaskan keberadaan kelompok pedagang Muslim itu. Oleh karena itu, studi ini lebih bersifat studi kontemporer, menyangkut elite keberadaan elite pedagang saat itu. Namun demikian, untuk menjelaskan fenomena kedudukan ekonomi kaum pedagang Muslim tersebut, saya berusaha menggunakan sedikit banyak faktor-faktor sejarah, sejauh yang saya dengar dalam penelitian, yang berupa sejarah lisan. Selain itu, saya juga memanfaatkan bahan-bahan tertulis yang dapat membantu analisis.

Bab satu berisi gambaran kehidupan sehari-hari kota Jatinom, kegiatan ekonomi, dan kehidupan keagamaan. Saya juga menunjukkan pentingnya peranan elite agama yang sekaligus merupakan elite perdagangan di dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan komunitas. Dengan cara ini saya menjelaskan mengapa penelitian ini penting dilakukan.

Bab dua membicarakan persoalan-persoalan teoritis yang menjadi pemandu penelitian ini. Saya memulai dengan merunut kembali antara lain penelitian Geertz (1963) yang dilakukan di Mojokuto, penelitian Castles (1967) di Kudus, dan penelitian de Jonge (1989) yang dilakukan di Madura, yang menunjukkan pentingnya hubungan Islam dan perdagangan. Kemudian saya mendiskusikan etika agama dan semangat ekonomi yang banyak dipengaruhi oleh cara berpikir Weber untuk melihat saluran kelembagaan apa yang telah menyebabkan agama itu memiliki daya dukung terhadap perkembangan ekonomi. Dalam bab ini juga dioperasionalisasikan konsep-konsep yang digunakan dan dibahas persoalan-persoalan metodologis yang penting untuk penelitian ini.

Tinjauan ekonomi daerah dan bagaimana pengaruhnya terhadap perkembangan perdagangan merupakan tema bab tiga. Di sini dijelaskan perubahan-perubahan kekuasaan ekonomi di dalam koalisi Kesunanan, Belanda, priyayi, dan Cina. Pada masa revolusi kekuatan-kekuatan tersebut menghilang dan kekuatan masyarakat yang paling penting kemudian adalah santri dan PKI di dalam suatu struktur pemerintahan yang baru. Namun demikian, PKI juga menghilang pada tahun 1965 sehingga tinggal santri yang menjadi kelompok dominan dalam menggerakkan masyarakat. Pergeseran-pergeseran ini memiliki pengaruh penting di dalam perkembangan ekonomi dan juga memberikan kesempatan kepada pertumbuhan kelompok pedagang santri.  Dalam bab tiga ini juga dipaparkan mengenai ciri-ciri sosial ekonomi Jatinom dan sekitarnya. Untuk itu saya memulai dengan menunjukkan keadaan Klaten sebagai daerah yang cukup subur dan daerah yang secara mendasar telah dipengaruhi oleh proses komersialisasi sejak masa kolonial. Meskipun pabrik gula dan perkembunan tebu di jatinom tidak bertahan lama, terutama karena aksi bumi hangus pada tahun 1948/1949, struktur ekonomi telah mengalami diversivikasi dengan munculnya berbagai sektor kegiatan ekonomi, seperti industri-industri kecil dan perdagangan.

Bab empat berisi analisis pengaruh Islam di dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan masyarakat, yang dalam hal ini dilihat melalui lembaga Muhammadiyah yang menjadi wadah kaum pedagang di dalam melakukan berbagai proses transformasi. Hegemoni Muhammadiyah bukan berarti tidak tergoyahkan, sebaliknya intervensi pemerintah di dalam berbagai cara telah menyebabkan terjadinya reorganisasi di dalam tubuh Muhammadiyah sendiri. Demikian pula kontrol dari struktur sosial menyebabkan kaum elite agama (elite pedagang) tidak bisa bertindak sewenang-wenang dan ketidakmampuan mereka untuk mengakomodasi kepentingan-kepentingan dari “kelompok agama” yang lain (seperti yang beraliran abangan) telah menyebabkan kegagalan di dalam proses sosialisasi agama dan perdagangan. Agama dan perdagangan tetap saja menjadi monopoli kaum santri.

Memaparkan ciri-ciri kelompok pedagang dan faktor-faktor yang dapat mendukung keberhasilan mereka dalam perdagangan merupakan tujuan penulisan bab lima. Untuk itu digunakan tiga kasus pedagang yang dianggap dapat mewakili gambaran pedagang Muslim Jatinom. Selain memperlihatkan proses pertumbuhan perdagangan, perbandingan ketiga kasus ini juga memungkinkan untuk melihat bagaimana ajaran agama telah menjadi dasar perilaku sosial ekonomi mereka. Meskipun demikian, kaum elite agama tidak sepenuhnya bebas dalam bertindak karena kekuatan masyarakat, terutama kontrol struktur sosial juga penting di dalamnya. Pengaruh-pengaruh perubahan struktural telah pula menjadi bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dalam proses pertumbuhan kelompok pedagang, dan keberhasilan atau kegagalan mereka sebagai pedagang ditentukan oleh berbagai faktor.

Dalam bab enam ditunjukkan bahwa agama merupakan dunia simbolis yang menegaskan identitas kelompok yang dapat memperkuat rasa kebersamaan atau solidaritas antar sesama anggota yang memiliki paham yang sama. Dengan kata lain, agama merupakan dasar pengelompokan sosial yang dengan ini anggota-anggota di dalamnya dapat bekerja sama. Hubungan semacam ini merupakan basis yang paling penting di dalam menggerakkan perdagangan karena sumber daya ekonomi mengalir dari satu orang ke orang lain di dalam kelompok keagamaan. Pengelompokan dagang berdasarkan agama ini sekaligus memiliki kekuatan yang besar di dalam menghadapi tekanan-tekanan dan gangguan-gangguan dari luar yang dapat menghancurkan kelompok. Oleh karenanya, setiap orang di dalam kelompok itu berusaha memelihara sifat kehosi sosial kelompok karena mamiliki fungsi langsung terhadap kelangsungan perdagangan. Dalam bab ini saya tunjukkan dalam hal apa hubungan agama dengan perdagangan dapat dijelaskan.

Pada bagian berikutnya, bab tujuh, saya merumuskan beberapa kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik dari studi ini. Keberhasilan kaum pedagang Muslim tidak hanya berkaitan dengan ketaatan agama, beberapa faktor lain berperan cukup penting. Agama memiliki peranan penting di dalam proses pembaharuan pemikiran yang mengarahkan perilaku ekonomi pedagang di satu pihak dan mempengaruhi cara penduduk menerima kegiatan perdagangan (dengan prinsip-prinsip ekonomi yang terkait) sebagai bagian dari kehidupan mereka. Agama dalam hal ini membentuk dasar sosial budaya yang memungkinkan kegiatan ekonomi berlangsung. Namun demikian, perkembangan usaha dagang selanjutnya sangat ditentukan oleh struktur politik lokal dimana berbagai kekacauan telah menghambat kegiatan dagang dan sebaliknya iklim politik yang baik dapat menjadi pendorong tumbuhnya kegiatan ekonomi. Perkembangan perdagangan dan kemajuan-kemajuan pesat yang dicapai oleh pedagang Muslim sesungguhnya lebih ditentukan oleh peluang-peluang ekonomi yang muncul setelah tahun 1970-an. Demikian pula perubahan-perubahan dalam bidang pertanian di wilayah Jatinom pada tahun 1980-an telah memberikan dampak yang paling penting dari seluruh tahap perkembangan ekonomi kota. Kesuksesan pedagang Muslim di kota sangat ditentukan oleh peningkatan kesejahteraan kaum tani yang menjadi konsumen barang-barang pabrik yang dijual di toko-toko di kota Jatinom. Dari sini dapat dipetik pelajaran penting, bahwa usaha meningkatkan kesejahteraan penduduk desa selayaknya diutamakan. Sektor pedesaan inilah yang merupakan dasar bagi kemajuan kaum pedagang Muslim dan perkembangan kota-kota kecil. Dengan cara seperti inilah orang lain telah membangun sebah negeri.

Serving Young Indonesian Muslim Women: The Dynamics of the Gender Discourse in Nasyiatul Aisyiyah 1965-2005

Originally: Syamsiyatun, Siti. 2006. Serving young Islamic Indonesian women: the development of gender discourse in Nasyiatul Aisyiyah 1965-2005. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Monash University.

 

Blurb/Shorttext:

Muslim veiled women have often been portrayed by some secular feminists as being powerless, submissive and oppressed. While such depiction might be true for some Muslim women in particular context, generalization does not help to understand their realities. The book highlights the agency played by young Muslim women, represented by those organizing through Nasyiatul Aisyiyah (founded in 1931), to secure and serve their gender interests. These young women have taken their moral and ethical foundations for the cause of women empowerment from the Qur''anic texts and Indonesian traditions. The book analyzes their strategies for empowerment program implementation, which they developed within the space controlled by the Indonesian state and male-dominated Islamic organizations. It offers originality of primary data from the Muslim women''s experiences, dreams, struggles and achievements, thus supplies significant fresh knowledge on the dynamics of gender discourse in a democratic country where Muslims are the majority for concerned scholars in gender studies, women''s movement, Islamic studies, Indonesian studies, and general readers.

 

Publishing house:

LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing

Website:

http://www.lap-publishing.com/

By (author) :

Siti Syamsiyatun

Number of pages:

268

Published at:

2010-08-11

 

Keluarga Sakinah dalam `Aisyiyah: Diskursus jender di organisasi perempuan Muhammadiyah

Salman, Ismah. 2005. Keluarga Sakinah dalam `Aisyiyah: Diskursus jender di organisasi perempuan Muhammadiyah. Jakarta: PSAP Muhammadiyah

Originally from Salman's PhD dissertation at UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

From back cover:

Sulit ditemukan karya tulis yang membahas keluarga sakinah yang ditulis oleh seorang perempuan. Uniknya lagi, buku ini menggunakan perspektif keadilan dan kesetaraan. Karya yang awalnya disertasi di UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta ini berasal dari pengkajian mendalam tentang perempuan dan keluarga sakinah dengan mengambil sampel penelitian di beberapa kawasan yang menjadi basis organisasi perempuan Islam, `Aisyiyah (Ortom Muhammadiyah), yaitu: Yogyakarta, Jakarta, Padang, dan Ujung Pandang (Makassar).

Secara umum buku ini berisi implementasi pemahaman tentang perempuan dalam `Aisyiyah yang menguraikan kedudukan, ruang gerak, hak-hak, dan peran mereka sebagai pembina keluarga serta dalam pengembangan masyarakat. Di samping itu, juga dikaitkan dengan persepsi tentang gender yang dalam dua dasawarsa terakhir ramai dibicarakan. Karya unik ini juga membahas strategi pembinaan keluarga sakinah yang meliputi pembinaan keagamaan, pendidikan, kesehatan, ekonomi, dan sosial. Di bagian akhir buku ini diuraikan upaya sosialisasi keluarga sakinah, yang diantaranya melalui dakwah pada lembaga pendidikan dan instansi pemerintah, dakwah bagi remaja, dan lain-lain.

Di samping membahas konsep keluarga sakinah menurut `Aisyiyah (dan tentunya berkaitan dengan Muhammadiyah), buku ini juga memberikan beberapa masukan dan kritik terhadap `Aisyiyah terkait dengan program pembinaan keluarga sakinah. Banyak ide-ide baru mengenai perempuan dan keluarga sakinah yang bisa dipetik dari karya ini.

Introducing Human Rights Education in Indonesia: the Experience of Muhammadiyah Schools 2005-2010

Miswanto, Agus. 2010. Introducing Human Rights Education in Indonesia: the Experience of Muhammadiyah Schools 2005-2010. MA Thesis - Institute of Social Studies, the Netherlands.

Abstract

This research examines the introduction and negotiation of Human Rights Education (HRE) in Muhammadiyah schools in Indonesia. The content of the curriculum is a central concern of this research, especially in how it reveals debates between the progressive and the conservative tendencies within Muhammadiyah itself.  Regarding the HRE curriculum model and the strategies or approaches used in introducing HRE, the study explores both the curriculum itself and draws on interviews with key actors in the process of curriculum design.  Through literature study and in-depth interviews data was collected and a value-critical policy analysis carried out.  The research found that the refusal of conservatives groups to acknowledge the importance of HRE in the Muhammadiyah school curriculum arose from uncertainties about the connection between HRE and dominant western ideologies, viewed as hostile to ‘Islamic values’. Since, in practice, implementing HRE in Muhammadiyah schools has entailed positive impacts upon students’ learning experience, and has improved of teaching performance, the assessment in this study is positive overall; HRE has proven to be a valuable addition to the curriculum.  Some of the fears and doubts among more conservative educators and thinkers, have proven unfounded to the extent that HRE in Muhammadiyah schools seems to have reinforced rather than undermined the Islamic pillars of the Muhammadiyah educational system.  The present curriculum is thus the result of reconciled values which incorporate both Islamic values and universal values of human rights. The study ends with a number of modest recommendations to strengthen HRE in future.

Keywords

Muhammadiyah, Human Rights Education (HRE), Universalism, Relativism, conservatives, progressives, Islam, Indonesia.

Islam, civil society and democratization : the case of Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama in post-Suharto Indonesia

Tanthowi, Pramono Ubaid. 2008. Islam, civil society and democratization : the case of Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama in post-Suharto Indonesia. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008.

Abstract
Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) are two largest Islamic organizations in Indonesia. Long active as both religious and political organizations during 1950s and 1960s, they withdraw from formal political arena and declared their disenggagement from any political parties in the 1970s and 1980s that enabled them to survive under the repressive Suharto regime and consequently develop nascent civil society movements.

This thesis examines the relation between those Muslim civil society organizations and democratization in the post-Suharto Indonesia: how they defend their positions as autonomous entities beyond state and simultaneously intensely involve in political arena. It also studies their roles in the process of democratization.

The study reveals a great deal about their participation in the political system, where they are now an important part of the political leadership and their interests are now well represented. However, the problem is that, in reality, there is a significant degree of overlap between civil society and political society as well as between civil society and the state.

This study also shows the role of those Muslim civil society organizations in the democratization process. These mass-based religious organizations seemed to be consequential in all stages of democratization: they sought to broaden the free public sphere and combined their efforts, along with other pro-democracy movements, in de-legitimating and bringing the authoritarian Suharto regime down. They also join forces in encouraging political participation, monitoring the elections, forcing the government to be more accountable and transparent, and spreading the ideas of religious tolerance.

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Muhammadiyah Student Organization and Democratic Development in Indonesia

Johnson, Troy A. 2006. Islamic Student Organizations and Democratic Development in Indonesia: Three Case Studies. Thesis (M.A.) -- The Center of International Studies, Ohio University.

Abstract
This thesis describes how and to what extent three Islamic student organizations --Muhammadiyah youth groups, Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Muslim Indonesia (KAMMI), and remaja masjid-- are developing habits of democracy amongst Indonesia's Muslim youth. It traces Indonesia's history of student activism and the democratic movement of 1998 against the background of youth violence and Islamic radicalism. The paper describes how these organizations have developed democratic habits and values in Muslim youth and the programs that they carry out towards democratic socialization in a nation that still has little understanding of how democratic government works. The thesis uses a theoretical framework for evaluating democratic education developed by Freireian scholar Ira Shor. Finally, it argues that Islamic student organizations are making strides in their efforts to promote inclusive habits of democracy amongst Indonesia's youth.

'Aisyiyah og visjonen av det sanne islam: reislamisering gjennom sosialt og religiøst arbeid i Padang, Sumatra

Author: Sefland, SignePublished year: 2005Document Type: ThesisLanguage: Norwegian BokmålSupervisor (s): Kari Vogt

Oppgaven omhandler den indonesiske islamske kvinneorganisasjonen ’Aisyiyah. ’Aisyiyah er den kvinnelige fløyen av Indonesias største reformbevegelse, Muhammadiyah. ’Aisyiyah har et landsdekkende nettverk av sosiale og religiøse institusjoner som barnehager, barnehjem, skoler, fødselsklinikker, sykehus og Korangrupper. Med utgangspunkt i kvalitativ metode og feltarbeid i Padang på Vest-Sumatra, fokuserer oppgaven på ’Aisyiyahs forståelse av ”det sanne islam”. Som en del av reformbevegelsen ønsker ’Aisyiyah renselse og reform av samfunnsverdier, fordi de oppfatter dagens praksis og tolkning av islam som lite tilfredsstillende. Målet er å komme nærmere en forståelse og praksis av islam som samsvarer bedre med det opprinnelige budskapet. Gjennom sine institusjoner søker ’Aisyiyah å reformere samfunnet til å komme nærmere ”det sanne islam”.

Gjennom å se på ’Aisyiyahs struktur, arbeidsområder og ideologiske elementer, søker oppgaven å si noe om hva ’Aisyiyahs begrep om ”det sanne islam” innebærer. Oppgaven tar så for seg hvordan ”det sanne islam” søkes virkeliggjort i samfunnet.

Endring forsøkes iverksatt gjennom formidling av verdier og ideologi i organisasjonens institusjoner, samt gjennom såkalt praktisk politikk. ’Aisyiyahs misjon retter seg mot både individ, familie og storsamfunn. For å nå målet om et samfunn basert på ”det sanne islam” ser ’Aisyiyah det som svært viktig å bevisstgjøre folk om egen tro, moral og kunnskap. Det understrekes også at alle må utfylle sin funksjon på best mulig måte i samfunnet. I denne sammenheng fremheves kvinnens muligheter og viktige funksjon. Gjennom bevisstgjøring og nytolkning ser ’Aisyiyah muligheten til å endre holdninger, slik at islam kan bli svaret på en positiv utvikling av samfunnet.

I oppgaven ser jeg på ulike sider ved ’Aisyiyahs organisasjon, arbeid og ideologi, som et uttrykk for reislamisering. Reislamisering innebærer å islamisere på nytt, fordi gjeldende situasjon ikke blir sett på som tilfredsstillende. Oppgaven fremmer en forståelse av at ’Aisyiyahs arbeid er et utrykk for en stadig prosess av reislamisering, der målet for prosessen er ”det sanne islam”.

The Minangkabau traditionalists' response to the modernist movement

The Minangkabau traditionalists' response to the modernist movement

by Rais, Za'im, M.A., McGill University (Canada), 1994 , 129 pages; AAT MM99926

Abstract (Summary)

This thesis studies the response of the traditionalist Muslim groups of Minangkabau, Indonesia, to the modernist movement of the early decades of this century. In their effort to lay the foundations of a rational and progressive Muslim society and rediscovery the true ethics of Islam, the modernists had called for fresh ijtihad. The traditionalists rejected the possibility, or necessity, of new ijtihad and insisted that Islam had been perfectly articulated in the authoritative works of the scholars, especially those of the four schools of law, and that every Muslim must simply adhere to them. The traditionalists argued that the methods of the modernists' not only endangered the authority of the four schools, they threatened to undermine the age-old notion of a harmonious balance between Islam and adat, the two ideological foundations of Minangkabau society. To the traditionalists, therefore, the struggle against the modernists was at once a defense of the classical schools of law and of the harmony of Islam and adat in Minangkabau.

Indexing (document details)

Advisor:	Turgay, A. Uner
School:	McGill University (Canada)
School Location:	Canada
Keyword(s):	Indonesia
Source:	MAI 34/02, p. 546, Apr 1996
Source type:	Dissertation
Subjects:	Religion
Publication Number:	AAT MM99926
ISBN:	9780315999268
Document URL:	http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/pqdweb?did=743405761&sid=20&Fmt=2&clientId=48776&RQT=309&VName=PQD
ProQuest document ID:	743405761

Taking care of the faithful: Islamic organizations and partisan engagement in Indonesia

Taking care of the faithful: Islamic organizations and partisan engagement in Indonesia

by Jung, Eunsook, Ph.D., The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2009 , 266 pages; AAT 3400027

Abstract (Summary)

My dissertation examines variation in partisan engagement among three major Muslim organizations in Indonesia since the process of democratization began in 1998. The first two cases, Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, were formed in the early 20 ^th century and have roughly 40 and 30 million members, respectively. The third, the Justice and Welfare Party (PKS), is a relative newcomer formed out of the Islamic student movement in 1998. While all three entities have the same broad combination of religious, social, and political goals and operate within the same external political environment, the particular relationships that they cultivate with political parties are different. NU, which established a political party in 1998 but decoupled from it in 2004, functions as a politicized organization; Muhammadiyah bypassed the opportunity to build a political party and functions as a civil society organization; and PKS emerged out of an Islamic social movement and demonstrates the overlap between movement and party. The variation can be explained by (a) the organizations' internal decision-making structures; and (b) the organizations' historical legacies in previous party building. Theoretically, my research sheds light on the importance of ideational factors in understanding religious institutions, which are established both to assert their religious principles and to protect the community of the faithful. Second, 1 highlight the importance of historical depth and institutional complexity in understanding interest formation and political behavior. Third, while scholars often treat civil society and political parties as functionally and spatially separate concepts, my research reveals how there can in practice be considerable overlap between them.

References

• References (171)

Indexing (document details)

Advisor:	Hutchcroft, Paul D.
School:	The University of Wisconsin - Madison
School Location:	United States -- Wisconsin
Keyword(s):	Islam, Political party, Muslim organizations, Civil society, Indonesia
Source:	DAI-A 71/03, Sep 2010
Source type:	Dissertation
Subjects:	Religion, Political science
Publication Number:	AAT 3400027
ISBN:	9781109659832
Document URL:	http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/pqdweb?did=1982841091&sid=14&Fmt=2&clientId=48776&RQT=309&VName=PQD
ProQuest document ID:	1982841091

Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah : his influence in the Islamic Reform Movement in Minangkabau in the early twentieth century

Dr. H. Abdul Karim Amrullah : his influence in the Islamic Reform Movement in Minangkabau in the early twentieth century

by Djamal, Murni, M.A., McGill University (Canada), 1975; AAT MK24308

Indexing (document details)

School:	McGill University (Canada)
School Location:	Canada
Source:	MAI 40/07, 2002
Source type:	Dissertation
Subjects:	Religion
Publication Number:	AAT MK24308
Document URL:	http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/pqdweb?did=767232091&sid=20&Fmt=1&clientId=48776&RQT=309&VName=PQD
ProQuest document ID:	767232091

Reformist Muslims in Yogyakarta Village: The Islamic Transformation of Contemporary Socio-religious Life

Kim, Hyung-Jun. 2007. Reformist Muslims in Yogyakarta Village: the Islamic transformation of contemporary socio-religious life. Canberra: ANU E Press.

• Paperback: 295 pages
• Publisher: Australian National University (1996)
• Language: English
• ISBN-10: 1920942343
• ISBN-13: 978-1920942342

Abstract

This study examines the religious life of reformist Muslims in a Yogyakarta village. The foci of this discussion are on Muslim villagers' construction, with the help of the reformist paradigm, of the image of the 'good Muslim' and 'Muslim-ness', on their efforts to incorporate an (reformist) Islamic framework to question taken-for-granted practices and ideas, on the position of traditional practices and ideas and their relation to reformist Islam, and on the interplay of villagers who show a strong commitment to reformist Islam with those who do not. Another topic which is investigated in this study is the interactions between Muslim and Christian villagers and the impacts of Christian presence on the process by which Muslims define themselves, their neighbours, their religion and their religious community.

After examining the recent socio-economic developments in a Yogyakarta village in Chapter two, this study deals with the development of reformist Islam, the process whereby a group of reformist villagers has been formed and its impact on the religious life of Muslim villagers in Chapter three. The formation of this group precipitated a differentiation of Muslim villagers in terms of their religious outlook and of their participation in religious activities, and has accelerated the diversification of the meaning of 'Muslim-ness'.

Chapter four looks at the notion of 'Muslim-ness', or of 'being a Muslim' supported by the reformist villagers and the interactions between villagers who show a strong commitment to reformist Islam and those who do not. The analysis shows that the profession of faith (sahadat) or circumcision, which was once considered to be a sufficient condition to make someone a Muslim, is no longer regarded so by the reformist villagers. Instead, they put absolute emphasis on the fulfilment of faith, such as carrying out daily prayer and the fast, as the central part of the notion of ‘Muslim-ness’. The different religious understandings and practices among Muslim villagers have not become a basis of social conflict. No villagers try to involve themselves in the religious life of others, are willing to instruct other people and to make explicit the controversial aspect of others' religious behaviour in public. These attitudes help to create a social environment where the norm of harmony is maintained.

From Chapter five to Chapter eight, the focus is placed on several changes which have taken place as Islamic development has accelerated. Chapter five examines the way traditional rituals are interpreted by Muslim villagers and the emergence of a new Islamic tradition. It shows that the process by which an Islamic tradition emerges from a syncretic background is not simply one of imposing a certain criterion on traditional practices and ending them, but of questioning their relevance, abandoning what cannot be accommodated, reinterpreting what can be made harmonious with reformist Islam and recontextualising them in Islamic terms.

In Chapter six, traditional belief in supernatural beings, supernatural power, and related practices are examined. The reformist villagers try to challenge and reformulate the nature of supernatural beings by equating them with the Islamic concept of the malevolent jinn and by condemning villagers' contact with them as syirik, or the negation of the Oneness of Allah.

Chapters seven and eight deal with the impact of the presence of Christians on the religious life of Muslims. The study shows that their presence has prompted the formation of a clear boundary based on religious identity and of the idea of 'in-group' and 'out-group', and that the importance of religious identity has begun to extend into non-religious domains. The alleged threat of Christians have also prompted the reformist villagers to defend the umat Islam, and their specific mode of attacking Christianity has instated the concept of akal (reason) not only as a way to expose the absurdity of Christian theology but as a way to evaluate their own religious practices and ideas.

Tasawuf di Kalangan Intelektual Muhammadiyah Kota Semarang

Tisnowijaya, A. Aya'roni. 2008. "Tasawuf di Kalangan Intelektual Muhammadiyah Kota Semarang." MA Thesis. IAIN Walisongo Semarang.

Permasalahan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah persepsi dan
implementasi intelektual Muhammadiyah Kota Semarang terhadap ajaran tasawuf.
Tujuan umum yang akan dicapai adalah untuk mengungkap, mengetahui dan
mendeskripsikan persepsi intelektual Muhammadiyah Kota Semarang terhadap tasawuf,
serta mengungkapkan implementasi dari persepsi tersebut. Jenis penelitian ini adalah
kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan naturalistik.

Muhammadiyah secara formal memang menolak tasawuf, karena tasawuf, menurut
Muhammadiyah, seringkali diselewengkan menjadi tarekat dengan praktik-praktik ritual yang sangat ketat. Di Muhammadiyah tidak ada tawash-shulan, yasinan, tahlilan atau manaqiban seperti yang dipunyai NU, tetapi bukan berarti bahwa amalan-amalan tasawuf dan dzikir tidak dilakukan warga Muhammadiyah. Amalan-amalan tasawuf dapat diterima oleh mereka sepanjang menjadi praktik individual, dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan akhlaq terpuji. Muhammadiyah juga sangat menganjurkan para anggotanya untuk memperbanyak shalat sunnat, dzikir dan wirid, serta mengedepankan sikap ikhlas dalam beraktivitas. Sampai saat ini sikap hidup yang demikian masih terus dijalankan oleh tokoh dan warga Muhammadiyah.

Hasil penelusuran terhadap landasan dasar Muhammadiyah tidak dijumpai adanya konsep
tasawuf secara formal seperti yang umum dilakukan dikalangan NU, yang ada hanyalah
tasawuf substantive atau nilai-nilai tasawuf yang sesuai dengan ajaran dasar Al-Qur’an
dan Sunnah.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum terdapat tiga sikap di kalangan intelektual Muhammadiyah terkait dengan eksistensi tasawuf yaitu menolak secara total, terbuka terhadap keberadaan tasawuf dan sikap yag terakhir adalah akomodatif. Pertama, kelompok yang menolak secara total. Kelompok ini beranggapan bahwa beribadah adalah suatu konsep yang sudah paten dan tidak boleh direkayasa dan mengada-ada. Apabila kedua hal ini yang dilakukan maka beribadah akan menjadi kacau. Dalam perspektif Muhammadiyah, landasan utama yang mendasari setiap ibadah manusia adalah Al-Qur’an dan Sunnah, sehingga apabila di dalam Al-Qur’an dan Sunnah tidak ada konsep tertentu tentang suatu ibadah, tasawuf misalnya, secara otomatis maka hal tersebut tidak boleh dilakukan.

Kedua, bersikap terbuka terhadap tasawuf. Kelompok ini beranggapan bahwa di Muhammadiyah, konsep tasawuf secara formal tidak dikenal, yang ada hanyalah dzikir. Dzikir ada dalam Muhammadiyah bukan dipahami sebagai salah satu elemen dari tasawuf melainkan memang dzikir diajarkan dalam Islam. Dzikir dalam Muhammadiyah adalah konsep dzikir yang diajarkan oleh Rosulullah. Ketiga, akomodatif terhadap tasawuf. Kelompok ini beranggapan tasawuf tidak sering ditemui di dalam Muhammadiyah. Konsep yang digunakan oleh Muhammadiyah untuk terminology spiritualitas ini lebih sering disebut dengan istilah “akal dan hati suci” sebagaimana yang diungkapkan oleh Munir Mulkhan atau “irfan” dalam istilah Amin Abdullah. Tasawuf dalam Muhamadiyah menurut kelompok ketiga ini adalah “Spiritualitas yang Syariahistik”.

Informal finance for microenterprises in Indonesia : a case study of Muhammadiyah credit programs

Author:	Rahmawati Husein (Ama)
Dissertation:	Thesis (Master of Community Planning)--University of Cincinnati, 2000.

Microfinance has contributed an increasingly constructive role in recovery process. It demonstrates the ability to speed up economic recovery by supporting poor people who are affected by major disaster or crisis. It gave significant impacts particularly for women who have less access to loans and credits even during the normal situation. In addition, recognizing the existing groups and social network was very important as those are a social capital that can enhance resiliency and lessen people vulnerability. From the case study it shows that the establishment of long-term relationship between individuals and Muhammadiyah/Aisyiyah organization contributes in increasing resilience of the community that affected by natural disaster.

In managing microfinance program, skillful and availability of human resources are keys to providing timely response to recipients of funds. Strong microfinance institutions, in this case Aisyiyah/Muhammadiyah organization at the grass root level are better place to provide relevant and helpful services to beneficiaries which in a short term will help a livelihood and economic recovery and in the long-term can bolster the resilience community. Finally, it may result a significant difference if economic activities are integrated in the emergency plan.

Hamka's "Tafsir al-Azhar": Qur'anic exegesis as a mirror of social change

Hamka's "Tafsir al-Azhar": Qur'anic exegesis as a mirror of social change

by Wan Yusof, Wan Sabri, Ph.D., Temple University, 1997, 291 pages; AAT 9813562

Abstract (Summary)

This dissertation attempts to explain interconnections between Tafsir al-Azhar and intellectual, social, political, and cultural phenomena in twentieth century Indonesia. Tafsir al-Azhar is a modern Qur'anic exegesis in Indonesia which takes into account indigenous experience to explain verses of the Qur'an. Hamka, who was a reformer, also interpreted verses of the Qur'an in the context of his reform ideas in which bid'ah and superstition were the main targets.

This study also finds that antagonistic ideologies such as Islam, nationalism, colonialism, and Communism filled the pages of Tafsir al-Azhar. This is because Qur'anic exegesis, just as it has been in earlier Islamic history, was used by the writer to express personal inclination and dogma. Hamka, who was constructed by his Islamic habitus, expressed his personal view in his interpretation which was informed by his antagonistic experiences with Christianity and Communism. The national unity of Indonesia was another Hamka's concerns that found its way into the pages of Tafsir al-Azhar.

In short, Tafsir al-Azhar was a mirror of social change: pre-independence and post independence Indonesia. All such issues were used to contextualize the meanings of verses of the Qur'an so that they were understood and related better to the Malay-Indonesian people who were lacking knowledge of the Arabic language. In other words Hamka was able to membumikan (indigenize) the meaning of the Qur'an to fit the Indonesian experience.

Indexing (document details)

Advisor:	Ayoub, Mahmoud M.
School:	Temple University
School Location:	United States -- Pennsylvania
Keyword(s):	Islam
Source:	DAI-A 58/10, p. 3957, Apr 1998
Source type:	Dissertation
Subjects:	Religion, Bible, Religious history
Publication Number:	AAT 9813562
ISBN:	9780591644371
Document URL:	http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=736734291&sid=7&Fmt=2&cli entId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD
ProQuest document ID:	736734291

Hamka's method of interpreting the legal verses of the Qur'an: A study of his "Tafsir al-Azhar"

Hamka's method of interpreting the legal verses of the Qur'an: A study of his "Tafsir al-Azhar"

by Yusuf, Milhan, M.A., McGill University (Canada), 1995, 118 pages; AAT MM07968

Abstract (Summary)

Having been influenced by the Muslim reformist ideas championed by Muhammad 'Abduh and his colleagues, Hamka attempted to disseminate and ameliorate the reform ideas in his country, Indonesia, through the means available to him; that is by preaching and writing. He was among the most prolific contemporary authors, having written 113 books including his monumental Tafsir al-Azhar. In this commentary, Hamka has probably included the sum of his ideas particularly those pertaining to religious aspects. With regards to the religious aspects, he mostly discusses the problems of theology, sufism and law. Hamka's conception of the law portrays his challenge and struggle towards the abolishment of taqlid (uncritical acceptance of the decisions made by the predecessors) and the implementation of ijtihad (personal opinion). In addition, his legal comments and interpretations are quite different from many of the comments made by sectarian commentators, who saw in tafsir a forum for defending their schools of thought. However, Hamka steered away from any school of thought and tried to be as objective as possible in his work, an attempt reflected in his method of interpreting the problematic legal verses. Moreover, he did not limit himself to a single method of interpretation. On the contrary, he availed himself of both the tafsir bi al-ma'thur method (interpretation derived from the Prophet, the Companions and the Successors) and the tafsir bi al-ra'y method (interpretation based on reason).

Indexing (document details)

Advisor:	Boullata, Issa J.
School:	McGill University (Canada)
School Location:	Canada
Keyword(s):	Indonesia
Source:	MAI 34/05, p. 1780, Oct 1996
Source type:	Dissertation
Subjects:	Theology, Bible, Biographies, Law
Publication Number:	AAT MM07968
ISBN:	9780612079687
Document URL:	http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=743771781&sid=7&Fmt=2&cli entId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD
ProQuest document ID:	743771781

Kiyai Haji Ahmad Dahlan, his life and thought

Kiyai Haji Ahmad Dahlan, his life and thought

by Idris, Muhammady, M.A., McGill University (Canada), 1976; AAT MK29372

Indexing (document details)

School:	McGill University (Canada)
School Location:	Canada
Source:	MAI 40/07, 2002
Source type:	Dissertation
Subjects:	Religion
Publication Number:	AAT MK29372
Document URL:	http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=767244041&sid=6&Fmt=1&cli entId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD
ProQuest document ID:	767244041

The women's movement in Indonesia: With special reference to the 'Aisyiyah organization

The women's movement in Indonesia: With special reference to the 'Aisyiyah organization

by It, Suraiya, Ph.D., Temple University, 2005 , 304 pages; AAT 3203014

Abstract (Summary)

This dissertation investigates the women's movement in Indonesia. It focuses mainly on their efforts to improve the position of women. The movements were formed on the basis of religion, community and ethnic groups, while others mobilized the wives of civil servants or women workers in the government. The emergence of women's organizations offered the possibility for women to articulate their political interests unshackled by the doctrines of the state. The central focus of the dissertation is on Muslim Indonesian women.

The Muslim women's movement in Indonesia was influenced by the Islamic reform movement in the twentieth-century. The reformists sought a "return" to the fundamental truth of the Islamic texts and tradition, as articulated in the Qur'an and Hadith . The women's divisions of religious reform movements played active roles in advocating and implementing social and educational reforms. 'Aisyiyah is the women's section of the Islamic reformist movement, the Muhammadiah, and 'Aisyiyah is used as a case study in the dissertation. Initially, their efforts were directed towards increasing the awareness of Muslim women in an effort to improve their lives, obtain their rights, and realize their responsibilities. Education, both secular and religious, was seen as the key, and Aisyiyah has long inspired Indonesian women to dedicate themselves to establish educational opportunities for women.

Particularly in recent years, the 'Aisyiyah organization has been spearheading a reexamination of traditional Islamic sources for answers to the complex relationship between culture, tradition and religious requirements regarding the role of women in Islam. Analyzing Islamic teaching from a gender perspectives was an innovative initiative to change thinking patterns on gender issues, especially in the Indonesian context. The dissertation examines how 'Aisyiyah's influence has made a difference for many Muslim women by its emphasis on the importance of the mother's role as an educator, as well as on the need for women to be economically independent and to make decisions on their own.

Cultural values related to women's sexuality, which reflected the inequality of gender, very much influenced the formulation of law in Indonesia, both secular law and Islamic law. The question of the role of religion on gender constructions in Indonesia has not been asked often enough, but is clearly of great relevance to contemporary debates, as Indonesia struggles towards a modern democratic state.

However, tradition provides a sort of framework within which gender roles evolve. Family and lineage inheritance, status, and solidarity are points in the gender ideology regarding women that emerges particularly in class societies, both in rural and urban regions.

How to conceptualize the bargaining power of women because the process of subtle negotiation is an important constant in social relations. To put it briefly, Indonesian Muslim women have a strong bargaining position within their households and their social spheres because they have some control over the acquisition and use of individual skills and resources. When compared with women in societies where households are hierarchical, embodying the ideal of age and gender distinctions in specific role constraints, Indonesian Muslim women are less bound by hierarchical constraints and somewhat freer to make independent, responsible decisions.

Indexing (document details)

Advisor:	Ayoub, Mahmoud M.
School:	Temple University
School Location:	United States -- Pennsylvania
Keyword(s):	Women's movement, Indonesia, Aisyiyah
Source:	DAI-A 67/01, p. 216, Jul 2006
Source type:	Dissertation
Subjects:	Religion, Womens studies
Publication Number:	AAT 3203014
ISBN:	9780542514883
Document URL:	http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1150814121&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD
ProQuest document ID:	1150814121

The development of Islamic theological discourse in Indonesia: A critical survey of Muslim reformist attempts to sustain orthodoxy in the twentieth ce

The development of Islamic theological discourse in Indonesia: A critical survey of Muslim reformist attempts to sustain orthodoxy in the twentieth century

by Saleh, Fauzan, Ph.D., McGill University (Canada), 2001 , 412 pages; AAT NQ70145

Abstract (Summary)

This study aims to trace the development of Islamic theological discourse in Indonesia, from the early 1900s to the end of the twentieth century. It will focus on how modernist Muslims have constructed their theological thought throughout the century, which, in turn, reflects their religious understanding in response to the particular demands of their age. The modernist theological thought constructed so far signifies a continuum of progress, developing from one stage to the next. Implicitly, this progress also indicates the improvement of Indonesian Muslims' understanding of their own religion, which may suggest the betterment of their commitment to doctrinal beliefs and religious practices. Therefore, this study will also examine the ways in which Indonesian Islam noticeably grows more orthodox through these forms of religious commitment. Drawing upon an Indonesian term, the growth of orthodox Islam is known as the santri cultural expansion, which, at least since the last two decades of the century, has been characterized by the vertical (and horizontal) mobility of devoted Muslims in political, cultural and economic enterprises. As well, this study will include a discussion of the theological thought underlying that santri cultural expansion.

Indexing (document details)

Advisor:	Federspiel, Howard M., Ormsby, Eric
School:	McGill University (Canada)
School Location:	Canada
Keyword(s):	Islamic, Theological discourse, Indonesia, Muslim, Reformist, Orthodoxy, Twentieth century
Source:	DAI-A 63/07, p. 2587, Jan 2003
Source type:	Dissertation
Subjects:	Theology
Publication Number:	AAT NQ70145
ISBN:	9780612701458
Document URL:	http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=764682701&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD
ProQuest document ID:	764682701

The Rise and Development of the Modernist Muslim Movement in Indonesia during the Dutch Colonial Period (1900-1942)

THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERNIST MUSLIM MOVEMENT IN INDONESIA DURING THE DUTCH COLONIAL PERIOD (1900-1942)

by NOER, DELIAR, Ph.D., Cornell University, 1963 , 593 pages; AAT 6304807

Indexing (document details)

School:	Cornell University
School Location:	United States -- New York
Source:	DAI 24/01, p. 372, Jul 1963
Source type:	Dissertation
Subjects:	Political science
Publication Number:	AAT 6304807
Document URL:	http://proquest.umi.com/pqdwe b?did=763064391&sid=2&Fmt=1&clie ntId=48051&RQT=3 09&VName=PQD
ProQuest document ID:	763064391