Moller, Andre. 2005. "Islam and traweh prayers in Java: Unity, diversity, and cultural smoothness".
Indonesia and the Malay World. 33 (95): 37-52.
| Affiliation: | a Department of History and Anthropology of Religions, Lund University, Lund, Sweden |
Modernist attitudes and practices in relation to the
traweh prayers are fairly homogenous. The description below of my local mosque Masjid An-Nur can be considered as typical of modernist mosques in Java.
As the muezzin announces the call to prayer for the obligatory
isya (evening prayers performed around 7 pm), people in the neighborhood begin to get ready. They are in no hurry as they know the
imam (I., prayer leader, A.
im
m) and the muezzin will allow a longer than usual time to lapse between the
adzan (I., call to prayer, A.
adh
n) and the actual prayer session. The muezzin or a mosque official may recite - or rather, sing - some
salawat (I., praise of Muhammad, A.
salaw
t) to fill the time.
16 At the start of Ramadan the mosque is crowded and additional straw mats are needed in the car park to provide space for all worshippers. By the middle to the end of the month the mosque is half full at best. A one-metre wide green cloth separates the mosque into two almost equal parts: one at the front and the other at the back. The front, the male domain, is generally slightly larger but the area is adjustable should circumstances require it. The back is for women. The cloth is only a symbolic barrier as it does not prevent one group from viewing the other. But it is regarded as necessary by both men and women to maintain the two spheres during
traweh prayers. This token cloth barrier is only used during Ramadan.
As the local Muslims drop in, they generally perform two
raka'at (I., prayer cycles) of
sholat tahiyatul masjid (I., A.
a
-
al
tu ta
īy
tu l-masjid), the non-obligatory but highly recommended prayers to be performed as one enters a mosque. This done, everyone sits down and either engages in some small talk with whoever they are next to or recite quietly parts of the Koran. This is also a time that may be used for private supplications, or declarations of thanksgiving (I.
syukur) for being able to fast for the entire day that has just ended. When the muezzin feels that he has waited sufficiently he announces through the microphone a sort of condensed
adzan, the
iqomah (I., A.
iq
mah), that the
isya (evening) prayers are to begin. The
isya prayers during Ramadan are no different from the rest of the year as they consist of four
raka'at. Each
raka'at, as always, consists of the recital of
Al Fatihah (the first chapter of the Koran), the bending of the upper part of the body (I.
ruku', A.
ruk
'), the complete prostration (I.
sujud, A.
suj
d), and a variety of more subtle practices, which can be studied in any regular
sholat manual.
17 Added to this is the
niat (I., A.
nīyah), the intent, which precedes the prayer. As the
salam (I., greeting in Arabic) concludes the
isya prayers, the congregation may rest for a while before a
kultum (short Islamic lecture) is presented.
18 Some may use this time to perform two additional and individual
raka'at.
When the
kultum ends the muezzin raises his voice again to say
a
-
al
ta sunnata t-tar
wī
i j
mi'atan ra
imakumull
h (A.), which means approximately 'Let us perform the non-obligatory
traweh prayers in congregation, in hope that God will extend His Grace on you all.' Some, but not all, reply by saying
l
il
ha ill
ll
h mu
ammadun ras
lu ll
h (A., there is no god but God, Muhammad is the Prophet of God). This is the sign that the
traweh prayers are about to begin and the entire congregation rises and starts to murmur individually the prescribed intent for this:
u
allī sunnata t-tar
wī
i lil
hi ta'
l
(A.), i.e., 'I intend to perform the non-obligatory
traweh prayers for God, the Exalted.'
21 Most Javanese can say this in Arabic, but some state theirs in Javanese. This done, the imam raises his two hands and utters
All
hu akbar (A., God is greater), and commences the first
raka'at by reading aloud
Al Fatihah and an additional Koranic chapter. The difference between these
traweh prayers from their obligatory equivalent is that there is no break between the second and the third
raka'at as the imam and the congregation immediately proceed to the third and the fourth prayer cycles. As the fourth
raka'at is over and the
salam-greeting uttered, the congregation may again rest for a short while. (The word
tar
wī
is linked grammatically to
istir
ah, which means 'relaxation' or 'rest.')
The break ends when the muezzin repeats the words
a
-
al
ta sunnata t-tar
wī
i j
mi'atan ra
imakumu ll
h (see above). The congregation then rises again and performs four more cycles of
traweh prayers, following the imam. The subsequent rest follows the above-mentioned procedure and then the
traweh prayers are over. Before dispersing the congregation, the imam performs three additional
raka'at of
witir (I., A.
witr) prayers. The performance of
sholat witir has the status of
sunnah within Islamic law, but many ulama regard it as close to an obligatory ritual act (Al Sawwaf,
1999: 199). Before the muezzin declares the commencement of these prayers (A.
a
-
al
ta sunnata l-witri j
mi'atan ra
imakumu ll
h), some members of the congregation leave the mosque. There are two possible explanations for this exit depending on whether they are traditionalists or modernists. The traditionalists who feel that the
traweh prayers have yet to end since there should be 20 cycles (see below) intend to perform an additional 12 at home before concluding with the
witir. And the modernists who agree with the imam that the Ramadan prayers should only consist of eight
raka'at return home for more supererogatory but non-
traweh prayers before they conclude that day's prayers with the
witir.
This is taken from pp 42-5 of the article.